Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements in Water and Sediment and the Tissues of Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846) from the Coast of Callao Bay, Peru.

The lorna drum Sciaena deliciosa is a coastal demersal species and one of the underlying artisanal fisheries in some areas of Peru, and is also a source of protein for Peruvian coastal dwellers. The investigation addresses concern about the environmental impact on this fish species and the potential risks to human health through the consumption of contaminated seafood. This research endeavors to assess the concentration of potentially toxic and essential elements in the muscle and liver tissues of S. deliciosa, in addition to the presence thereof in water and sediment capture areas on the coast of Callao, Peru. The study revealed that, in water samples, Ag, Ni, and Zn exceed Peruvian standards, but were below international standards, and Ba, P, Se, and Sn exceed international standards. In the sediments, As, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Zn were above international standards. In the fish, S. delicious muscle demonstrated As, Hg, and Pb exceeding at least one international standard. In the liver, As, Hg, Pb, and Cu exceed international standards. The study approach increased accuracy in risk assessments, offering crucial insights into the interplay between heavy metal pollution, water quality, and animal health, informing risk management strategies. Future studies can explore the long-term effects of heavy metal exposure on different organisms and consider their cumulative impact on health.

Diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru and their relationship with metaxenic diseases / Diversidad y distribución de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el Perú y su relación con las enfermedades metaxénicas

Abstract Introduction: Tropical Andean and Amazonian ecosystems shape the great biodiversity found in Peru. However, studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the country are scarce, resulting in an information gap regarding their diversity, ecology, distribution, and abundance. Objective: To search for documented evidence on the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru, and to establish -in relation to species of medical relevance- their potential link with the epidemiological cycle of some metaxenic diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SciELO, as well as in 7 databases specialized in insect taxonomy, using specific terms and their combinations by means of Boolean operators ("AND" and "OR"). Search strategy: study types: original research articles, review articles, books, and book chapters; publication period: no initial date - June 2020; languages: English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Results: A total of 99 studies were retrieved after the initial search, 84 in the 4 electronic databases and 15 in the specialized databases, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria. One additional record was included due to its relevance to the objective of the review. The studies included were original articles (n=28), review articles (n=6), books (n=5), book chapters (n=2), and undergraduate theses (n=1). Regarding the language of publication, 25 (59.52%) were published in English and 17 (40.48%) in Spanish. Conclusions: In Peru, the greatest diversity of mosquito genera is found in the departments of Loreto, Huánuco, and Madre de Dios. Knowledge of the diversity of mosquitoes in Peru that have the potential to cause health issues is relatively scarce and is focused on Aedes aegypti and some species of the Anopheles and Culex genera, thus overlooking a rich diversity distributed in the Amazonian forests, high jungle, and inter-Andean valleys.

Resumen Introducción. Los ecosistemas tropicales andinos y amazónicos determinan la gran biodiversidad presente en Perú. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el país son escasos, lo que resulta en un vacío de información en cuanto a su diversidad, ecología, distribución y abundancia. Objetivos. Buscar evidencia documentada sobre la diversidad y la distribución de mosquitos en el Perú, y establecer -con relación a las especies de importancia médica- su potencial vínculo con el ciclo epidemiológico de algunas enfermedades metaxénicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en Google Académico, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Scielo, así como en siete bases de datos especializadas en taxonomía de insectos, usando términos específicos y diferentes combinaciones con operadores booleanos ("AND" y "OR"). Estrategia de búsqueda: tipos de estudios: artículos originales de investigación, artículos de revisión, libros y capítulos de libros; periodo de publicación: sin límite inicial a junio del 2020; idiomas: inglés, español y portugués. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 99 estudios, 84 en las 4 bases de datos electrónicas y 15 en las bases de datos especializadas, de los cuales 41 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. También se incluyó un registro adicional debido a su relevancia con el objetivo de la revisión. Los estudios incluidos fueron artículos originales (n=28), artículos de revisión (n=6), libros (n=5), capítulos de libro (n=2) y tesis de pregrado (n=1). Respecto al idioma de publicación, 25 (59.52%) estaban en inglés y 17 (40.48%), en español. Conclusiones. En Perú, la mayor diversidad de géneros de mosquitos se encuentra presente en los departamentos de Loreto, Huánuco y Madre de Dios. El conocimiento sobre la diversidad de mosquitos en Perú que tienen el potencial de generar problemas de salud es relativamente escaso y se centra en el Aedes aegypti y algunas especies de los géneros Anopheles y Culex, dejando de lado una rica diversidad distribuida en los bosques amazónicos, la selva alta y los valles interandinos.

Diversity and host assemblage of avian haemosporidians in different terrestrial ecoregions of Peru.

Characterizing the diversity and structure of host-parasite communities is crucial to understanding their eco-evolutionary dynamics. Malaria and related haemosporidian parasites are responsible for fitness loss and mortality in bird species worldwide. However, despite exhibiting the greatest ornithological biodiversity, avian haemosporidians from Neotropical regions are quite unexplored. Here, we analyze the genetic diversity of bird haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) in 1,336 individuals belonging to 206 bird species to explore for differences in diversity of parasite lineages and bird species across 5 well-differentiated Peruvian ecoregions. We detected 70 different haemosporidian lineages infecting 74 bird species. We showed that 25 out of the 70 haplotypes had not been previously recorded. Moreover, we also identified 81 new host-parasite interactions representing new host records for these haemosporidian parasites. Our outcomes revealed that the effective diversity (as well as the richness, abundance, and Shannon-Weaver index) for both birds and parasite lineages was higher in Amazon basin ecoregions. Furthermore, we also showed that ecoregions with greater diversity of bird species also had high parasite richness, hence suggesting that host community is crucial in explaining parasite richness. Generalist parasites were found in ecoregions with lower bird diversity, implying that the abundance and richness of hosts may shape the exploitation strategy followed by haemosporidian parasites. These outcomes reveal that Neotropical region is a major reservoir of unidentified haemosporidian lineages. Further studies analyzing host distribution and specificity of these parasites in the tropics will provide important knowledge about phylogenetic relationships, phylogeography, and patterns of evolution and distribution of haemosporidian parasites.

[Enteroparasitosis in Peru and its relation to the Human Development Index]. / Enteroparasitosis en Perú y su relación con el Índice de desarrollo humano.

BACKGROUND: Diseases related to enteroparasites are a serious public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of enteroparasites in Peru and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A coproparasitological study using the direct method from children and adults from the communities of Pamplona Alta in Lima, the province of San Sebastián de Quera, Castillo Grande, Pillco Marca and Puelles in Huánuco, Llupa-Huaraz in Ancash, and Machaguay in Arequipa, Peru, was carried out from 2012 to 2016. RESULTS: 864 samples were analyzed, and a total prevalence of 23.03% (199 cases) was found. The non-pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba coli, with 10.42% (90 cases), and the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, with 6.37% (55 cases), were the most prevalent. PERMANOVA analysis based on the prevalences of enteroparasites in urban and rural areas of Peru showed differences among communities. The overall prevalence of urban communities was similar to that of the rural ones. CONCLUSIONS: Enteroparasitosis in Peru are not related to HDI. However, the levels of infestation by enteroparasites varied between the different communities, and they were related to the bioecological characteristics of parasites.

INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades relacionadas con enteroparásitos son un grave problema de salud pública. OBJETIVO: evaluar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos en el Perú y su relación con el Índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio coproparasitológico por el método directo en niños y adultos de las comunidades de Pamplona Alta en Lima, de la provincia de San Sebastián de Quera, Castillo Grande, Pillco Marca y Puelles en Huánuco, Llupa-Huaraz en Ancash y Machaguay en Arequipa, Perú, de 2012 a 2016. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 864 muestras y se encontró una prevalencia total del 23.03% (199 casos). El protozoario no patógeno Entamoeba coli con 10.42% (90 casos) y el nematodo Ascaris lumbricoides con 6.37% (55 casos) fueron los más prevalentes. La prevalencia de protozoos fue mayor que la de los helmintos. No se observó asociación entre el IDH frente a la prevalencia total ni frente a las cuatro especies de enteroparásitos más frecuentes. El análisis PERMANOVA a partir de las prevalencias de enteroparásitos en áreas urbanas y rurales de Perú mostró diferencias entre las comunidades. La prevalencia total de las comunidades urbanas fue similar a la de las rurales. CONCLUSIONES: la enteroparasitosis en el Perú no se relaciona con el IDH. Sin embargo, los niveles de infestación por enteroparásitos variaron entre las diferentes comunidades y se relacionaron con las características bioecológicas de los parásitos.

Efecto Ecotoxicológico de la Mezcla de Aroclor 1254 y Plomo en el Bioindicador Daphnia magna / Ecotoxicological effect of the mixture of Aroclor 1254 and lead in the bioindicator Daphnia magna / Efeito ecotoxicológico da mistura de aroclor 1254 e chumbo no bioindicador Daphnia magna

Resumen Introducción: el bioensayo con la especie bioindicadora Daphnia magna Strauss, 1820 posibilita obtener el efecto ecotoxicológico agudo individual y en mezcla de diversos tóxicos químicos mediante la concentración letal media (CL50). Objetivo: determinar el efecto ecotoxicológico de la mezcla de aroclor 1254 y del plomo (Pb2+) sobre D. magna. Materiales y Métodos: se midió la CL50 siendo aroclor 1254 > Pb2+, y ulteriormente la concentración sin efecto ecológico (PNEC) para el efecto individual y en mezcla. Se contrastaron los valores de PNEC con la categoría 4 - E1 (lagunas y lagos) y E2 (ríos) del Estándar de Calidad Ambiental Peruano (Decreto Supremo N° 004 2017-MINAM -Perú). Resultados: los valores de CL50 disminuyeron de forma gradual a 48 h de exposición para ambos compuestos en forma individual y en mezcla. Se calculó la proporción - sinergia (PS) en relaciones de 1:1, 3:2 y 4:1 (aroclor 1254: Pb2+), obteniéndose mayores valores de PS en 3:2 y 4:1 en contrastación a 1:1. Conclusiones: la concentración de aroclor 1254 estimada de PNEC es similar al valor de la conservación del ambiente acuático categoría 4 - E1 y E2, y la concentración máxima para Pb2+ no es adecuada y debe reducirse para fortalecer la conservación de la biota acuática. Finalmente, el bioindicador D. magna determinó idóneamente la mezcla de aroclor 1254 y Pb2+.

Abstract Introduction: the bioassay with the bioindicator species Daphnia magna Strauss, 1820 makes it possible to obtain the individual acute ecotoxicological effect and in a mixture of various chemical toxics by means of the mean lethal concentration (LC50). Objective: to determine the ecotoxicological effect of the mixture of aroclor 1254 and lead (Pb2+) on D. magna. Materials and Methods: LC50 was measured with arochlor 1254> Pb2+, and subsequently the concentration without ecological effect (PNEC) for the individual effect and as a mixture. PNEC values were contrasted with category 4-E1 (lagoons and lakes) and E2 (rivers) of the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standard (Supreme Decree No. 004 2017-MINAM-Peru). Results: LC50 values gradually decreased after 48 h of exposure for both compounds individually and as a mixture. The proportion-synergy (PS) was calculated in ratios of 1:1, 3:2 and 4:1 (arochlor 1254: Pb2+), obtaining higher PS values in 3:2 and 4:1 in contrast to 1:1. Conclusions: the PNEC estimated arochlor 1254 concentration is similar to the conservation value of the aquatic environment category 4-E1 and E2, and the maximum concentration for Pb2+ is not adequate and should be reduced to strengthen the conservation of aquatic biota. Finally, the bioindicator D. magna ideally determined the mixture of aroclor 1254 and Pb2+.

Resumo Introdução: o bioensaio com as espécies bioindicadoras Daphnia magna Strauss, 1820 permite obter o efeito ecotoxicológico agudo individual e numa mistura de várias toxinas químicas por meio da concentração letal média (CL50). Objetivo: determinar o efeito ecotoxicológico da mistura de arocloro 1254 e chumbo (Pb2+) sobre D. magna. Materiais e Métodos: a CL50 foi medida com arocloro 1254>Pb2+, e posteriormente a concentração sem efeito ecológico (PNEC) para o efeito individual e como mistura. Os valores do PNEC foram contrastados com a categoria 4-E1 (lagoas e lagos) e E2 (rios) do Padrão de Qualidade Ambiental Peruano (Decreto Supremo n° 004 2017-MINAM-Peru). Resultados: Os valores de LC50 diminuíram gradualmente após 48 h de exposição para ambos os compostos individualmente e como uma mistura. A proporção-sinergia (PS) foi calculada em proporções de 1:1, 3:2 e 4:1 (arocloro 1254: Pb2+), obtendo-se valores de PS mais altos em 3:2 e 4:1 em contraste com 1:1. Conclusões: a concentração estimada de arocloro 1254 do PNEC é semelhante ao valor de conservação do ambiente aquático categoria 4-E1 e E2, e a concentração máxima de Pb2+ não é adequada e deve ser reduzida para fortalecer a conservação da biota aquática. Finalmente, o bioindicador D. magna determinou idealmente a mistura de arocloro 1254 e Pb2+.

Enteroparasitosis en Perú y su relación con el Índice de desarrollo humano / Enteroparasitosis in Peru and its relation to the Human Development Index

Introducción: las enfermedades relacionadas con enteroparásitos son un grave problema de salud pública. Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos en el Perú y su relación con el Índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio coproparasitológico por el método directo en niños y adultos de las comunidades de Pamplona Alta en Lima, de la provincia de San Sebastián de Quera, Castillo Grande, Pillco Marca y Puelles en Huánuco, Llupa-Huaraz en Ancash y Machaguay en Arequipa, Perú, de 2012 a 2016. Resultados: se analizaron 864 muestras y se encontró una prevalencia total del 23.03% (199 casos). El protozoario no patógeno Entamoeba coli con 10.42% (90 casos) y el nematodo Ascaris lumbricoides con 6.37% (55 casos) fueron los más prevalentes. La prevalencia de protozoos fue mayor que la de los helmintos. No se observó asociación entre el IDH frente a la prevalencia total ni frente a las cuatro especies de enteroparásitos más frecuentes. El análisis PERMANOVA a partir de las prevalencias de enteroparásitos en áreas urbanas y rurales de Perú mostró diferencias entre las comunidades. La prevalencia total de las comunidades urbanas fue similar que la de las rurales. Conclusiones: la enteroparasitosis en el Perú no se relaciona con el IDH. Sin embargo, los niveles de infestación por enteroparásitos variaron entre las diferentes comunidades y se relacionaron con las características bioecológicas de los parásitos.

Background: Diseases related to enteroparasites are a serious public health problem. Objective: To assess the prevalence of enteroparasites in Peru and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI). Material and methods: A coproparasitological study using the direct method from children and adults from the communities of Pamplona Alta in Lima, the province of San Sebastián de Quera, Castillo Grande, Pillco Marca and Puelles in Huánuco, Llupa-Huaraz in Ancash, and Machaguay in Arequipa, Peru was carried out from 2012 to 2016. Results: 864 samples were analyzed, and a total prevalence of 23.03% (199 cases) was found. The non-pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba coli, with 10.42% (90 cases), and the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, with 6.37% (55 cases), were the most prevalent. PERMANOVA analysis based on the prevalences of enteroparasites in urban and rural areas of Peru showed differences among communities. The overall prevalence of urban communities was similar to that of rural ones. Conclusions: Enteroparasitosis in Peru are not related to HDI. However, the levels of infestation by enteroparasites varied between the different communities, and they were related to the bioecological characteristics of parasites.

Qualitative and quantitative study of parasites of Pimelodus maculatus and Rhamdia quelen from the Jacaré-Pepira River, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

In the freshwater ecosystems of Brazil can be found high biodiversity of fish, about 5160 species. However, the Jacaré-Pepira River, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, presents a diversity of fish still to be explored in ichthyological studies. Metazoan parasites of Pimelodus maculatus and Rhamdia quelen were qualitatively and quantitatively diagnosed. Ten species of parasites (Demidospermus sp., D. majusculus, D. bidiverticulatum, D. paravalenciennesi, Ameloblastella paranaensis, Scleroductus sp., Riggia sp., Austrodiplostomum compactum, Helobdella sp. and Neochinorhynchus pimelodi) were collected in P. maculatus and eight species of parasites (Aphanoblastella robustus, A. mastigatus, Phyllodistomum rhamdiae, Crocodilicola pseudostoma, Henneguya jundiai, Contracaecum sp., Rhabdochona sp. and Capillariidae gen. sp.) were collected in R. quelen. All parasites presented aggregate distribution. A significant correlation was observed in P. maculatus concerning the weight with the prevalence of ectoparasite D. majusculus; however, R. quelen showed a relation to the length and weight with the abundance of ectoparasite A. mastigatus and endoparasites. The parasitic community of P. maculatus and R. quelen was characterized by high diversity, high richness, and low uniformity.

Exploring the adjustment to parasite pressure hypothesis: differences in uropygial gland volume and haemosporidian infection in palearctic and neotropical birds.

Parasites are globally widespread pathogenic organisms, which impose important selective forces upon their hosts. Thus, in accordance with the Adjustment to parasite pressure hypothesis, it is expected that defenses among hosts vary relative to the selective pressure imposed by parasites. According to the latitudinal gradient in diversity, species richness and abundance of parasites peak near the equator. The uropygial gland is an important defensive exocrine gland against pathogens in birds. Size of the uropygial gland has been proposed to vary among species of birds because of divergent selection by pathogens on their hosts. Therefore, we should expect that bird species from the tropics should have relatively larger uropygial glands for their body size than species from higher latitudes. However, this hypothesis has not yet been explored. Here, we analyze the size of the uropygial gland of 1719 individual birds belonging to 36 bird species from 3 Neotropical (Peru) and 3 temperate areas (Spain). Relative uropygial gland volume was 12.52% larger in bird species from the tropics than from temperate areas. This finding is consistent with the relative size of this defensive organ being driven by selective pressures imposed by parasites. We also explored the potential role of this gland as a means of avoiding haemosporidian infection, showing that species with large uropygial glands for their body size tend to have lower mean prevalence of haemosporidian infection, regardless of their geographical origin. This result provides additional support for the assumption that secretions from the uropygial gland reduce the likelihood of becoming infected with haemosporidians.

Component community of helminth parasites in black cuskeel Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846) from north Peru.

In Peru, only 12.7% (n=207) of fish species have had some record as parasitic metazoan hosts. The objective of this investigation was to determine the community of helminth parasites in black cusk-eel Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846) of north Peru. Fifty specimens of G. maculatus from Puerto Pimentel, province of Chiclayo, department of Lambayeque, Peru were evaluated. For the analysis of the parasitic community, the parasitological ecological indexes of prevalence (P), mean abundance (MA), mean intensity (MI) of infection, the dispersion indices, the correlation between total length (TL) and sex of fish vs parasitological ecological indexes, were calculated. The component community of the parasitic helminths in the evaluated fish was dominated by the presence of endoparasitic flatworms and absence of ectoparasites. The parasitic fauna of G. maculatus included eight endoparasitic species, four trematodes, two cestodes, one acanthocephalan and one nematode species. The species with the highest prevalence and abundance were Helicometra fasciata (Rudolphi, 1819), Scolex pleuronectis Müller, 1788 and Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937. The prevalence of infection of C. australe was found positively related to the total length of G. maculatus. The sex of G. maculatus was not found associated with the P, MA and MI of any of the helminth parasites. This is the first study of ecological aspect in the parasitic fauna of G. maculatus made in Peru.

Envenenamiento por el mercurio inorgánico en menores en una zona urbana de minería ilegal / Poisoning by inorganic mercury in minors in an urban area of illegal mining

El artículo contiene introducción, material y métodos, resultados culminando con la discusión.

TBT is still a matter of concern in Peru.

Tributyltin (TBT) environmental concentrations as well as imposex levels have been declining in several coastal areas worldwide. However, recent studies have shown that TBT contamination is still an important issue along some Latin American coastal areas. Thus, the incidence of imposex and butyltin compounds (BTs) in sediments and gastropod tissues was spatially and temporally (2009 and 2012) appraised in Lima (Peru) along potential TBT sources (harbors and marinas). Despite the general pattern of reduction close to Callao harbor, a clear increment in the levels of imposex (RPLI = 0.0 to 8.4 and 0.0 to 28.4/VDSI = 0.0 to 3.3 and 0.0 to 3.5) and TBT in tissues (25 to 112 and 62 to 146 ng Sn g-1) of Thaisella chocolata were seen from 2009 to 2012 in two sampling sites, respectively, located nearby a newly established marina. Thus, despite the international restrictions on the use of TBT-based antifouling paints are apparently reducing the inputs at international harbors, the present study clearly shows that marinas are still acting as important sources of TBT to the study area due possibly to the lack of legal restrictions on production, trading and/or use of TBT. The present findings reinforce what has been seen along many other Latin American coastal areas.

Diplectanids (Monogenea) parasitic on sciaenid fish from Peru with the proposal of Pseudorhamnocercoides n. gen., the description of Rhamnocercus dominguesi n. sp. and the redescription of Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi Luque and Iannacone, 1991.

Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi Luque and Iannacone, 1991 is redescribed from newly collected material of snakehead kingcroaker Menticirrhus ophicephalus (Jenyns, 1840) from Peru, and as a result of this redescription, the diagnosis of Rhamnocercoides is emended. Rhamnocercus dominguesi n. sp. is described from the Peruvian banded croaker Paralonchurus peruanus (Steindachner, 1875). It differs from congeneric species mainly in the morphology of the male copulatory organ (with distal and proximal portion of the external tube expanded and distal portion of the internal tube uncovered by external tube) and the number of peduncular spines (18-22, arranged in 2 longitudinal rows). Pseudorhamnocercoides n. gen. is proposed for species with two longitudinal rows of peduncular spines with anterior and posterior roots, two longitudinal rows of acicular spines associated with peduncular spines, a medial constriction in the ventral bar and more than six haptoral accessory spines at level of the ventral bar with fan-like distal extremity. Rhamnocercoides stichospinus (Seamster and Monaco, 1956) is transferred to Pseudorhamnocercoides n. gen as Pseudorhamnocercoides stichospinus (Seamster and Monaco, 1956) n. comb (assigned as type species).

Monocotyle luquei n. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae), from the gills of diamond stingray Dasyatis dipterura (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae), in the South Pacific.

Monocotyle luquei n. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) was described from gills of diamond stingray Dasyatis dipterura (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) (Dasyatidae) off Peru. The new species can be differentiated from the other species of the genus by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) accessory sclerites on the dorsal posterior surface of the body absent, (2) only one testis is present, (3) 1-2 loops in the copulatory organ, (4) the male copulatory organ with a sclerotized accessory piece, (5) shape of five sclerites in marginal papillae, (6) size of anchor and (7) posterolateral septa bifurcated. This is the first record of species of Monocotyle Taschenberg, 1878 from the southern Pacific.

Aspectos ecológicos de los moluscos de importancia médico-veterinaria en Villa Clara, Cuba / Ecological aspects of mollusks of medical-veterinary importance in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar algunos aspectos ecológicos de los moluscos fluviales y terrestres de importancia médica-veterinaria en 13 municipios de la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba durante el año 2013. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales en 477 criaderos de moluscos. Se registraron 21 especies de moluscos fluviales (n=14) y terrestres (n=7). Dos especies fueron clasificadas como endémicas, 15 como locales y cuatro como introducidas (especies exóticas). En relación a su frecuencia de ocurrencia, 14 especies fueron constantes (66,7%), cinco especies fueron comunes (23,8%) y dos fueron raras (9,5%). Las cuatro principales especies de moluscos fluviales fueron: Tarebia granifera, Pomacea poeyana, Physella acuta y Corbicula fluminea en los municipios de Santa Clara, Placetas, Encrucijada, Camajuaní y Cifuentes. Los moluscos terrestres más representativos fueron Praticolella griseola, Zachrysia auricoma y Galba cubensis, en los municipios de Santa Clara y Placetas. Se encontró correlación positiva entre la riqueza y la abundancia malacológica. Pomacea bridgesii y T. granifera se encontraron menos asociadas a las otras 20 especies de moluscos en base a los dendrogramas de similaridad. El aumento de la temperatura máxima y la humedad relativa disminuye la abundancia total de moluscos. En la provincia de Villa Clara existe una amplia variedad de especies de moluscos de importancia médico-veterinaria fluvial y terrestre que pueden constituir un riesgo epidemiológico para la provincia

Evaluación del riesgo ambiental de carbofurano en bioensayos con organismos no blanco / Environmental risk assessment of carbofuran in bioassays with non-target organisms

El carbofurano es uno de los plaguicidas más empleado en la agricultura peruana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo ambiental del carbofurano en bioensayos de toxicidad, sobre once especies no destinatarias. La siguiente secuencia relativa de mayor a menor cocientes de riesgo (CR) del carbofurano para los 19 puntos finales de efecto en once especies fue encontrada: Daphnia magna (mortalidad) > Lemna minor (inhibición de formación de las hojas) > Paracheirodon innesi (nado extraño) = P. innesi (incremento del movimiento opercular) > Chironomus calligraphus (mortalidad) > L. minor (necrosis) > P. innesi (mortalidad) > L. minor (clorosis) > Tetrapygus niger (inhibición de la fecundación) > Coturnix japonica (mortalidad) > Oncorhynchus mykiss (incremento de coloración) > Ceraeochrysa cincta (no eclosión de huevos) > O. mykiss (mortalidad con oxígeno) > O. mykiss (mortalidad sin oxígeno) > Trichogramma pretiosum (mortalidad) > C. cincta (mortalidad) > T. pretiosum (no emergencia de adultos) > Trichogramma pintoi (mortalidad) > Beauveria bassiana (inhibición del crecimiento). Los cocientes de riesgo (CR) indicaron en todos los casos un alto riesgo del carbofurano principalmente en el ambiente acuático en comparación con el terrestre.

Carbofuran is one of the most employed pesticides in Peruvian agriculture. This research aimed to evaluate the risk assessment in bioassays of carbofuran on eleven non-target species. The following relative sequence in decreasing ecotoxicity order in terms of RQ (Risk quotient) to carbofuran to 19 end points on 11 species was found: Daphnia magna (mortality) > Lemna minor (inhibition of new fronds) > Paracheirodon innesi (strange swim) = P. innesi (increase of opercula movement) > Chironomus calligraphus (mortality) > L. minor (necrosis) > P. innesi (mortality) > L. minor (chlorosis) > Tetrapygus niger (inhibition of fertilization)> Coturnix japonica (mortality) > Oncorhynchus mykiss (increase of coloration) > Ceraeochrysa cincta (not hatch of eggs) > O. mykiss (mortality without oxygen) > O. mykiss (mortality with oxygen) > Trichogramma pretiosum (mortality) > C. cincta (mortality) > T. pretiosum (not emergence of adults) > Trichogramma pintoi (mortality) > Beauveria bassiana (inhibition of growth). Risk quotient (RQ) indicated that carbofuran is highly risky mainly to aquatic environment than terrestrial.

Diversidad de aves en el humedal Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Perú: periodo 2004-2007 / Diversity of birds in Pantanos de Villa wetland, Lima, Peru: period 2004-2007

Bird Richness of Pantanos de Villa wildlife refugee, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru was documented, aperiodically between November 2004 to August 2007 employing 10 surveys by visual detection. The avian richness was 58 species, belonging to 47 genera, 26 families and 12 orders. Jacknife of first and second order and Chao-1 estimators of species richness indicated that could be registered at least 25, 43 and 56 more species and could be detected 69.8, 57.4 and 50.8 percent, respectively, of possible species that can occur in the study zone. The highest species richness and the higher value of Shannon index were recorded in August 2006 and in September 2006, respectively. November 2004, March 2005 and June 2007 censuses showed the lowest similarities of bird species according to Morisita-Horn and Sörensen indexes. By their seasonality, 36 species were residents, 6 local migratory, 3 Andean migratory and 16 continental migratory. Out of the species registered 2 were considered in danger, 1 vulnerable and 1 nearly threatened. Eight species were more frequent and abundant: Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Humboldt, 1805) (Phalacrocoracidae) (20.3 percent), Leucophaeus pipixcans (Wagler, 1831) (Laridae) (14.9 percent) Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) (Ardeidae) (12.7 percent), Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieollot, 1818) (Laridae) (9.8 percent), Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ardeidae) (5.6 percent), Fulica ardesiaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rallidae) (4.5 percent), Coragyps atratus (Beichstein, 1793) (Cathartidae) (3.7 percent) and Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rallidae) (2.5 percent) representing 74 percent of total bird diversity.

Se documenta la riqueza de aves del refugio de vida silvestre Pantanos de Villa, Chorrillos, Lima, Perú aperiódicamente entre noviembre del 2004 a agosto del 2007 mediante 10 censos por detección visual. La riqueza avifaunistica fue de 58 especies, pertenecientes a 47 géneros y 26 familias y 12 órdenes. Los estimadores Jacknife de primer orden, de segundo orden y Chao-1 de la riqueza de especies indican que pueden registrarse al menos 25, 43 y 56 especies más y que se logró detectar el 69,8, 57,4 y 50,8 por ciento, respectivamente de las especies posibles a ocurrir en la zona de estudio. La mayor riqueza de especies se encontró en agosto del 2006 y el mayor valor del Índice de Shannon se encontró en septiembre del 2006. Los censos de noviembre del 2004, marzo del 2005 y junio del 2007 presentaron las más bajas similaridades de especies de aves según los índices de Morisita-Horn y de Sörensen. Por su estacionalidad, 36 especies son residentes, 6 son migratorias locales, 3 son migratorias andinas y 16 son migratorias continentales. De las especies registradas 2 se encuentran en peligro, 1 es vulnerable y 1 en casi amenazado. Las especies más frecuentes y abundantes fueron ocho: Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Humboldt, 1805) (Phalacrocoracidae) (20,3 por ciento), Leucophaeus pipixcans (Wagler, 1831) (Laridae) (14,9 por ciento) Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) (Ardeidae) (12,7 por ciento), Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieollot, 1818) (Laridae) (9,8 por ciento), Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ardeidae) (5,6 por ciento), Fulica ardesiaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rallidae) (4,5 por ciento), Coragyps atratus (Beichstein, 1793) (Cathartidae) (3,7 por ciento) y Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rallidae) (2,5 por ciento) que representan el 74 por ciento de la diversidad total de aves.

Fluctuación y distribución espacio-temporal de Tuthillia cognata (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) y de Ocyptamus persimilis (Diptera, Syrphidae) en el cultivo de camu-camu Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) en Ucayali, Perú / Fluctuation and temporal-spatial distribution of Tuthillia cognata (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) and Ocyptamus persimilis (Diptera, Syrphidae) on camu-camu Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) in Ucayali, Peru

Tuthillia cognata Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986 (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) es una plaga importante en el cultivo de camu-camu, Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. Mc Vaugh (Myrtaceae) en la Amazonía Peruana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la fluctuación y la distribución espacio-temporal de T. cognata y de su controlador biológico Ocyptamus persimilis (Curran, 1930) (Diptera, Syrphidae), entre enero a noviembre del 2004 en los caseríos San Juan y Padre Bernardo, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. El número de ninfas y adultos de T. cognata fue mayor en la época lluviosa que en la seca, pero no en el número de huevos, ni en el número de colonias. Los huevos, ninfas y adultos prefirieron el tercio superior de la planta en comparación con el tercio medio e inferior en ambos caseríos. La excepción fue la presencia de huevos en el caserío San Juan que no mostró preferencias por ninguno de los tercios. No se observaron diferencias en el porcentaje de infestación por T. cognata entre ambos caseríos y entre la época seca y lluviosa. En O. persimilis, no se encontró diferencias en el número de huevos, larvas y pupas entre la época seca y lluviosa. Se observó que los huevos, larvas y pupas prefirieron el tercio superior de la planta en comparación con el tercio medio e inferior en ambos caseríos. Ambas especies, T. cognata y O. persimilis presentaron un patrón de distribución espacial - temporal agregado. Se encontró una relación directa entre el número de colonias de T. cognata y O. persimilis. Sin embargo, el número de huevos, ninfas y adultos de T. cognata no se encontraron correlacionados con el número de huevos, larvas y pupas de O. persimilis.

Tuthillia cognata Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986 (Hemiptera, Psyllidae), is a main pest on camu-camu culture Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. Mc Vaugh (Myrtaceae) in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the fluctuation and spatial and temporal distribution of T. cognata and biological control by Ocyptamus persimilis (Curran, 1930) (Diptera, Syrphidae), from January to November 2004 at San Juan and Padre Bernardo villages, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. The number of nymphs and adults of T. cognata were found higher during the wet than in the dry season, but not the number of eggs neither of colonies. Eggs, nymphs and adults preferred the upper third of plant in comparison to the middle and lower third in both places. The exception was the presence of eggs at San Juan, without a distinct preference by any part. No differences were observed in the percentage of infestation by T. cognata between both places and between dry and wet seasons. For O. persimilis there were no differences in number of eggs, larvae and pupae between dry and wet seasons. Eggs, larvae and pupae preferred the upper third of the plants in comparison to the other parts in both places. Both species, T. cognata and O. persimilis, presented an aggregate dispersion model. A direct relation between number of colonies of T. cognata and O. persimilis was found. However no correlation was found between number of eggs, nymphs, and adults of T. cognata and number of eggs, larvae, and pupae of O. persimilis.

Ciclo biológico, comportamiento y censo del picudo del camu camu, Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien 1995 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en Pucallpa, Perú / Biological cycle, behavior and census of camu camu weevil, Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien 1995 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Pucallpa, Peru

El picudo, Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien 1995, es una de las plagas mas importantes del camu camu Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. Mc Vaugh en la Amazonía Peruana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el ciclo biológico de este insecto bajo condiciones de laboratorio y describir su comportamiento y fluctuación en condiciones de campo en Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. El porcentaje de eclosión de larvas fue de 87 por ciento, la duración del periodo de incubación de los huevos fue de 5,5±0,9 (4 a 7) días, del estado larval en el fruto 22,2±1,9 (20 a 25) días y en el suelo (fase pre-pupa), 54,4±5,5 (46 a 67) días, del periodo pupal 11,8±0,9 (9 a 13) días y la longevidad del adulto fue de 51,8±18,9 (9 a 75) días. Los adultos se alimentaron de frutos de diferentes diámetros y estados de maduración y de botones florales, ramas tiernas y flores. No se registró la presencia de adultos de C. dubiae en frutos secos, ni en la base del tallo, sino en ritidomas. La mayor actividad de alimentación y de reproducción de los adultos fue entre 18:30 a 22:00 h. Los adultos fueron observados en el cultivo durante todo el año, encontrándose con mayor frecuencia en los meses de enero a marzo en pisos bajos inundables y entre octubre a diciembre en tierra firme no inundable, coincidiendo con la fase de floración y fructificación de la planta.

Camu camu weevil Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien, 1995 is a one of the main pests of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. Mc Vaugh) in Peruvian Amazonia. The aim of this study was to determine the biological cycle of this insect under laboratory conditions, to describe its behavior and population numbers under field conditions in Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. The percentage of hatching was 87 percent; the egg incubation period was 5.5±0.9 (4 to 7) days; the length of the larval stage inside the fruit was 22.2±1.9 (20 to 25) days, and the length larval stage (pre-pupa) underground was 54.4±5.5 (46 to 67) days. The length of pupal period was 11.8±0.9 (9 to 13) days, and the longevity of adults was 51.8±18.9 (9 to 75) days. Adults feed on fruits of different diameters and state of ripeness. Weevils also feed on buds, fresh branches and flowers. Adults of C. dubiae were only found in the rhizome, not in dry fruits or on the stem base.. The highest feeding and reproductive activity of adults was between 18:30 to 22:00 h. Adults were observed during the whole year, with the highest frequency between January and March in low seasonally flooded soils and between October to December in upland unflooded soils, coinciding with flowering and fruiting plant phenology.

Ciclo de vida y aspectos poblacionales de Edessa aff. aulacosterna Stal, 1872 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) chinche del fruto del camu camu (Myrtaceae) en zona de restinga, Ucayali, Perú / Life cycle and population aspects of camu camu fruit stink bug Edessa aff. aulacosterna Stal, 1872 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in restinga zone, Ucayali, Peru

El camu camu es uno de los frutales nativos con gran potencial económico para la agroindustria y agro exportación. Edessa es una de las plagas del camu camu que provoca sequedad en los brotes, y en los frutos una mancha decolorada con círculos concéntricos bien marcados y un punto central al alimentarse. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el ciclo biológico bajo condiciones de laboratorio y la fluctuación poblacional de Edessa aff. aulacosterna "Chinche del fruto del camu camu" durante enero a noviembre del 2004 en el cultivo de camu camu, en parcelas en desarrollo y producción ubicadas en áreas de restinga inundables en Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. Se colectaron huevos, ninfas y adultos procedentes del distrito de Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú para iniciar la crianza artificial. El tiempo de duración del huevo al I estadio ninfal fue 5,1 días. Se encontró un 94,6 por ciento de eclosión de los huevos, variando entre 12 hasta 14 huevos por postura. El tiempo transcurrido desde el huevo hasta II estadío fue de 37,3 días y del III al V estadío ninfal fue de 81,9 días. El porcentaje de mortalidad del primer estadio ninfal a adulto fue de 98,1 por ciento. Los adultos colectados se localizaron preferentemente sobre las ramas y el tallo de la planta, mientras que las ninfas se encontraron en los brotes tiernos. Con relación a su fluctuación poblacional, solo se registró posturas a lo largo del año en parcelas en producción. No se encontraron diferencias entre ninfas I a V, y adultos de Edessa aff. aulacosterna, entre plantaciones en producción y desarrollo de camu camu. Solo se encontró diferencias entre la época seca y lluviosa en las ninfas de III a V estadio en las plantas de camu camu en desarrollo. Edessa aff. aulacosterna presentó mayormente una distribución contagiosa. El adecuado conocimiento de la bioecología nos permite mejorar la estrategia de control de esta plaga.

Camu camu is one of the native fruits with a great economic potential for agroindustry and agro exportation. Edessa is one camu camu pest that produces in dry buds and fruits with a mark decolorated with concentric circles well marked and a central point when they feed. The aim of the current research was to determinate the biological cycle under laboratory conditions and population fluctuations of Edessa aff. aulacosterna. "Camu camu fruit stink bug" during January to November, 2004 in camu-camu culture, in development and production parcels located in flooded areas of restinga in Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Eggs, nymphs and adults were colected to begin artificial rearing proceeding of distrit of Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. Development time of eggs to 1th nymphal instar was 5.1 days. 94.6 percent of egg hatchability, varied between 12 until 14 egg-laying was found. The time passed since eggs until III nymphal instar was 37.3 días and of III to V nymphal instar was de 81.9 days. Percentage of mortality of 2nd nymphal instar to adult was 98,1 percent. Adults collected were localized mainly on branches and stem of the plants, while nymphs were found in delicated buds. In relation to seasonal populations only were registered eggs laying throught the year in parcels in production. Differences between nymphs I to V and adults of Edessa aff. aulacosterna, in production and development plantations were not found. Only differences in dry and wet period in III to V nymphs instar in development camu camu plants were found. Edessa aff. aulacosterna mainly presented a contagious distribution. Suitable knowledge of bioecology of Edessa aff. aulacosterna permit improves strategy of pest control.

Prevalencia de infección por parásitos intestinales en escolares de primaria de Santiago de Surco, Lima, Perú / Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in primary schoolchildren of Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru

In Peru, parasitoses of digestive gut has been widely studied, because they are a very frequent problem in Public Health. These diseases of nature infectiose-parasitarie can affect growth and development of schoolchildren. The aim of current research was to determinate prevalence of infection of enteroparasites in primary schoolchildren of three national schools of an urban zone from Santiago de Surco district, Lima, Peru between 2004 and 2005. A coproparasitological survey to 192 children in fresh faeces fixed in 10% formaline, previous homogenization employing conventional exams by direct microscopy dyed with lugol, and by spontaneous Tube Sedimentation technique were performed. In addition, eggs of Enterobius vermicularis employing Graham technique were searched. Twelve pathogen enteroparasites or commensals were diagnosed: Giardia duodenalis (4.7%), Chilomastix mesnilii (0.5%), Entamoeba coli (22.9%), Endolimax nana (19.3%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3.1%), Blastocystis hominis (12.5%), Hymenolepis nana (1.0%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.5%), Ancylostoma duodenale - Necator americanus (1.6%), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.6%), and E. vermicularis (10.4%). Total prevalence of infection, polyparasitism, helminth infection, and protozoan infection were 54.7%, 18.2%, 14.6% and 47.4%, respectively. PCA, showed in PC1, helminths are more relationed with presence of domestic animals, and in PC2, patogenic protozoan with absence of drinking water and sewage services, and with absence of animals in houses. Programs of sanitary and environmental education of coproparasites should be improved and implemented in Lima, Peru.